esm: improve error when calling import.meta.resolve from data: URL

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49516
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>

doc/api/errors.md

@@ -2959,6 +2959,26 @@ import 'package-name'; // supported
 
 `import` with URL schemes other than `file` and `data` is unsupported.
 
+<a id="ERR_UNSUPPORTED_RESOLVE_REQUEST"></a>
+
+### `ERR_UNSUPPORTED_RESOLVE_REQUEST`
+
+An attempt was made to resolve an invalid module referrer. This can happen when
+importing or calling `import.meta.resolve()` with either:
+
+* a bare specifier that is not a builtin module from a module whose URL scheme
+  is not `file`.
+* a [relative URL][] from a module whose URL scheme is not a [special scheme][].
+
+```mjs
+try {
+  // Trying to import the package 'bare-specifier' from a `data:` URL module:
+  await import('data:text/javascript,import "bare-specifier"');
+} catch (e) {
+  console.log(e.code); // ERR_UNSUPPORTED_RESOLVE_REQUEST
+}
+```
+
 <a id="ERR_USE_AFTER_CLOSE"></a>
 
 ### `ERR_USE_AFTER_CLOSE`
@@ -3710,7 +3730,9 @@ The native call from `process.cpuUsage` could not be processed.
 [event emitter-based]: events.md#class-eventemitter
 [file descriptors]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_descriptor
 [policy]: permissions.md#policies
+[relative URL]: https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#relative-url-string
 [self-reference a package using its name]: packages.md#self-referencing-a-package-using-its-name
+[special scheme]: https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#special-scheme
 [stream-based]: stream.md
 [syscall]: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/syscalls.2.html
 [try-catch]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/try...catch